Yes, but you will need plenty of drain holes at floor level so that the raised bed doesn't get waterlogged. And, of course, water run-off will wet the concrete base.

Make sure its deep enough too. Shallow soil would dry out quickly.

I have a long raised bed about 9 inches high on concrete. It is well drained. I have grown broad beans, curly kale and tiny tomatoes in it very successfully but this year I have made half of it into a herb bed, with lots of added grit and the rest will be salad such as radish and lettuce.